"Selling fishing access rights is not unique to Africa. For example, Pacific Island countries like Kiribati earn nearly 50% of GDP from the sale of fishing access rights to foreign vessels. However, unlike African countries, who sell access individually (e.g., Senegal sells to the EU, and separately, Morocco sells to the EU), the nine Pacific island countries comprising the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) sell access to their waters jointly, acting as a cartel or bloc. Each year, PNA countries set a cap on the total quantity of tuna purse seine fishing in their collective waters and distribute a portion of that cap to each member country⁶. In 2019, PNA countries sold their portions of the cap for $454 per ton caught. PNA countries sell a nearly identical product as Senegal (the right to fish for tuna), yet their access fee is five times greater than Senegal’s, suggesting that the per-ton profit they earn is much greater as well."